Conjunction in Grammar: Definition, Rules, Types and Examples

A conjunction is a word that connects words, phrases, or clauses within a sentence. It gives structure to language by linking ideas smoothly so that communication becomes clear and connected. Without conjunctions, writing and speaking would sound broken or incomplete.

In this lesson, you will study the definition, rules, and types of conjunctions. You will also see examples, common mistakes, and practice exercises to master this important grammar topic.

What is a Conjunction?

A conjunction is a word that joins words, phrases, or clauses to form a connected sentence. It prevents ideas from being broken into short parts and allows smooth communication.
In grammar, conjunctions act as links between thoughts, giving structure and balance to a sentence.

Functions of Conjunctions in Sentences

Conjunctions serve different roles depending on the relationship they show:

• Addition: Join similar ideas. She likes tea and coffee.
• Contrast: Show opposition. He is rich, but unhappy.
• Cause and Effect: Link reasons and results. She was late, so she missed the bus.
• Choice: Offer alternatives. You may come today or tomorrow.
• Condition or Time: Mark situations. We waited inside until the rain stopped.
  Did you know? Conjunctions are one of the oldest recorded parts of speech in English, appearing in texts since Old English.

List of Conjunctions

Some commonly used conjunctions include:

Conjunction Rules

1. Balance similar parts: Conjunctions join like units.
   • She bought bread and butter.
2. Avoid double conjunctions: One link is enough.
   • ❌ He left because since he was tired. → ✅ He left because he was tired.
3. Correct pair use: Correlatives must balance.
   • She is not only smart but also kind.
4. Subordinating placement: Place before the dependent clause.
   • I will wait until she arrives.
5. Comma with coordinating conjunctions: Use commas when joining two clauses.
   • I was tired, but I continued working.
6. Do not join unlike parts: Match grammatical units.
   • ❌ She is tall and honesty. → ✅ She is tall and honest.
7. Conjunctions and emphasis: A conjunction may start a sentence for effect.
   • “But I still believe in you.”

Types of Conjunction

Coordinating Conjunctions

These connect equal parts such as nouns, clauses, or phrases. The seven coordinating conjunctions are remembered as FANBOYS.

• I wanted to call, but he was asleep.
• She sings well, and she dances beautifully.
• You may stay here, or you may leave.
• It rained, yet we continued playing.

Subordinating Conjunctions

Subordinating conjunctions join a dependent clause with an independent clause, showing cause, time, or condition.

• She left early because she was tired.
• We will wait until the sun sets.
• He succeeded although the task was difficult.
• I will not go unless you join me.

Correlative Conjunctions

Correlative conjunctions work in pairs and require balance on both sides.

• She is both intelligent and hardworking.
• He will visit either today or tomorrow.
• She is not only a teacher but also a writer.
• They will play whether it rains or shines.
  Did you know? The phrase “either…or” has been in use since the 14th century.

Use of Conjunction

Conjunctions help extend sentences, reduce repetition, and add clarity. They show relationships such as choice, cause, contrast, or sequence.
For example: “He studied well, so he passed his exam.” The word so links cause with result.

Sentence Structures with Conjunctions

Conjunctions influence sentence structure:

Common Mistakes with Conjunctions

❌ Although it was raining, but we went outside.
✅ Although it was raining, we went outside.
(Do not use two conjunctions for one idea.)

❌ He will either sing or he will dance.
✅ He will either sing or dance.
(The correlative pair must be balanced.)

❌ I don’t know neither him nor his friend.
✅ I know neither him nor his friend.
(Avoid double negatives.)

Conjunctions vs Relative Pronouns

A conjunction links clauses, while a relative pronoun introduces a clause that describes a noun.

• Conjunction: She stayed home because she was sick.
• Relative pronoun: The student who answered first received praise.

Exceptions and Special Cases

• Some words act as both conjunctions and other parts of speech, e.g., for as preposition or conjunction.
• Modern English accepts sentence beginnings with conjunctions for style, though traditional grammar once discouraged it.
• Certain correlative pairs are flexible in informal use, e.g., “both…as well as” though “both…and” is standard.

Examples of Conjunctions in Full Sentences

1. She likes tea and coffee.
2. He was late, yet he joined the class.
3. You may come today or tomorrow.
4. She succeeded although she faced many challenges.
5. They will leave if the train arrives.
6. He is not only tall but also strong.
7. We waited until she returned.
8. She studied hard, so she passed.
9. He is both clever and generous.
10. Either you work hard or you fail.
11. They stayed home because it was raining.
12. He sang well, and he danced even better.
13. Neither John nor Mary was present.
14. Whether it rains or shines, we will play.
15. She was tired, but she finished her homework.

Exercises and Practice Sentences on Conjunctions

1. Fill in the blank: She left early ___ she was not feeling well.
2. Identify the conjunction: We will go shopping or stay at home.
3. Correct the mistake: Although he was tired, but he worked.
4. Transform: She is clever. She is hardworking. → Use a conjunction.
5. Choose the right sentence:
   a) She is both kind as well as helpful.
   b) She is both kind and helpful.
6. Create a complex sentence with because.
7. Join these clauses: He was hungry. He ate quickly.

Final Thought

A conjunction connects ideas smoothly and gives structure to sentences. By learning its types, rules, and exceptions, learners can avoid mistakes and improve accuracy. With practice, conjunctions become natural tools for clear and confident communication.

FAQs on Conjunctions

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